Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18. https://doi.org/10.37135/ns.01.15.04 http://novasinergia.unach.edu.ec
Artículo de Investigación
Análisis numérico computacional de la estructura de soporte para un
tanque de almacenamiento de agua pluvial
Computational numerical analysis of the support structure for a rainwater storage tank
Isaac Simbaña1, Xavier Vaca2, Cristian Andrade3, Wendy Sevillano3
1Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería Mecánica y Pedagogía de la Carrera de Electromecánica (GIIMPCEM), Instituto Superior
Universitario Sucre, Quito, Ecuador, 170601;
2Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería, Productividad y Simulación Industrial (GIIPSI), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito,
Ecuador, 170702;
3Carrera de Electromecánica, Instituto Superior Universitario Sucre, Quito, Ecuador, 170601;
xvaca@ups.edu.ec; cristianandrade313@gmail.com; wendysevillanof@gmail.com
*Correspondencia: isimbana@tecnologicosucre.edu.ec
Citación: Simbaña, I.; Vaca, X.;
Andrade, C. & Sevillano, W.,
(2025). Análisis numérico
computacional de la estructura
de soporte para un tanque de
almacenamiento de agua
pluvial. Novasinergia. 8(1). 06-
18.
https://doi.org/10.37135/ns.01.
15.04
Recibido: 12 abril 2024
Aceptado: 18 julio 2024
Publicado: 08 enero 2025
Novasinergia
ISSN: 2631-2654
Resumen: Esta investigación ha evaluado la viabilidad de un diseño para
una estructura de soporte destinada a un tanque de almacenamiento de
agua pluvial. Se utilizó software CAD/CAE para llevar a cabo un análisis
numérico computacional debido a que estas herramientas permiten
predecir comportamientos de elementos sometidos a condiciones
específicas, sin necesidad de construcción. La necesidad de este diseño
surge de la importancia de desarrollar un sistema integral para la
captación de agua de lluvia, como una alternativa sostenible para el
suministro de agua. Se estableció una capacidad de almacenamiento de
500 litros, considerando los tanques plásticos disponibles en el mercado
local, para determinar las dimensiones y la carga que la estructura debe
soportar. El modelado tridimensional se realizó utilizando una tubería
cuadrada de acero estructural de 50 mm (2 plg), la cual fue discretizada
mediante un mallado. Este proceso se validó alcanzando skewness de
0.2401, con un total de 414 651 elementos y 601 334 nodos, y se definieron
las condiciones iniciales y de contorno correspondientes. El esfuerzo de
Von Mises obtenido fue de 189.5 MPa, lo cual está por debajo del límite de
fluencia para el acero estructural. Además, la deformación en los
elementos estructurales no superó los 0.83 mm. El diseño se validó
mediante un análisis del factor de seguridad, el cual fue de 1.746,
aproximándose al valor recomendado para estructuras de soporte.
Palabras clave: Agua pluvial, Análisis numérico, CAD/CAE, Esfuerzo,
Estructura de soporte.
Copyright: 2025 derechos
otorgados por los autores a
Novasinergia.
Este es un artículo de acceso abierto
distribuido bajo los términos y
condiciones de una licencia de
Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY NC).
(http://creativecommons.org/licens
es/by-nc/4.0/).
Abstract: This study has examined the design proposal for a support structure for
a rainwater storage tank, utilizing CAD/CAE software with computational
numerical analysis. These tools predict how elements will behave under specific
conditions without physical construction. The necessity arises from the
importance of developing the entire rainwater harvesting system to offer a
sustainable water supply alternative. To this end, a storage capacity of 500 liters
was determined based on locally available plastic tanks, considering the
dimensions and weight the structure needs to support. 3D modeling utilized a 50
mm (2 in) square steel pipe discretized through meshing. Validation of this process
achieved a skewness of 0.2401 with 414 651 elements and 601 334 nodes, defining
the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. Von Mises stress measured
189.5 MPa, below the yield limit for structural steel, with structural element
deformation not exceeding 0.83 mm. Design validation was accomplished through
safety factor analysis, yielding a value of 1.746, closely aligning with
recommended values for support structures.
Keywords: Rainwater, Numerical analysis, CAD/CAE, Stress, Support
structure.
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 7
1. Introduction
Water, a vital resource, faces threats from population growth and human activities,
leading to scarcity. According to Fu et al. (2022), only 2.5 % of Earth's water is fresh, and a
mere 0.4 % is usable, with this amount declining due to both natural and human factors.
Rainwater harvesting systems offer a sustainable alternative, significantly reducing the
consumption of potable water. However, the demand for water increases due to population
growth and climate change, worsening the disparity in access to clean water and sanitation,
especially between urban and rural areas (Meireles et al., 2022). Additionally, water-related
diseases pose a significant public health threat, underscoring the need for a safe water
supply for all (Delgado et al., 2024). By utilizing rainwater for non-potable activities like
irrigation, car washing, or toilet flushing, the strain on potable water resources is lessened,
as emphasized by Gómez-Monsalve et al. (2022)
Sultana (2022) examined the efficiency of rainwater tank systems, noting their dependence
on factors such as tank size, local climate, and potable water demand. Using a simple daily
water balance model, she assessed various tank sizes' performance in collecting rainwater
from a 10 000 m2 roof area. Results showed tank sizes ranging from 130 to 630 m3, with a
capture efficiency of 100 %. However, system reliability ranged from 2.8 to 37.75 % in dry
and wet years, respectively. The optimal tank size fell between 180 and 240 m3, capturing
over 64 % of roof runoff and thereby reducing urban water demand by about 10 %.
Simulation processes using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering
(CAE) software have been refined for finite element method (FEM) resolution, enabling
analysis without the need for experimentation or field tests (Tzotzis et al., 2020). Li et al.
(2023) emphasize that the primary advantage of simulation is the rapid acquisition of results
regarding the behavior of structural and dynamic elements. Computational numerical
analysis facilitates the exploration of various scenarios, including changes in geometries,
sections, or materials. Consequently, FEM is employed to analyze and predict the behavior
of structures under various loads, allowing for the assessment of their strength, stability,
and safety. This approach enables the calculation of stresses and deformations in each part
of a structural element under different loading conditions, such as water pressure, wind
loads, and seismic loads (Krok et al., 2023). Additionally, it allows for parametric analyses
and design enhancements to minimize material usage while maintaining the tank's safety
and functionality.
Through FEM, a comprehensive evaluation of the strength and stability of the support
structure can be conducted, considering material properties and initial conditions.
Martínez-Ramírez et al. (2022) explored methods to optimize the geometry of metal
structures for practical applications using FEM. Designing structures for specific purposes
requires consideration of safety, aesthetics, maintenance, economy, and environmental
constraints. To address these requirements, geometries were analyzed before selecting
appropriate materials and shapes, utilizing parametric design and finite element modeling.
Parametric design and FEM are highlighted as crucial tools in this process, enabling
engineers to establish permissible deflection limits and ensure a safety factor of
approximately 2, which is indicative of a robust design. The significant contribution lies in
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 8
applying a general-purpose program to a specific area of mechanics, facilitating the creation
of efficient designs with reduced weight and cost in less time.
Dessales (2020) emphasize that designing a structure to elevate the rainwater storage tank
offers a significant advantage over simply placing it on a surface, as it enhances water flow
and pressure. Elevating the tank creates greater hydrostatic pressure, which facilitates water
flow through pipes and outlet devices like faucets and showers (Duan et al., 2020). This is
particularly advantageous in situations where a constant and uniform water pressure is
required, thereby improving the efficiency and comfort of the rainwater harvesting system.
Additionally, elevating the tank can create extra space underneath for other activities or to
mitigate potential risks of water contamination. A study developed by (Ahmed et al., 2016)
found that avian and possum fecal droppings can degrade the quality of roof-harvested
rainwater due to zoonotic pathogens. The investigation evaluated a possum feces-
associated marker using 210 samples from Australia, finding high sensitivity and specificity,
0.90 and 0.95, respectively. Possum samples had higher marker concentrations compared to
non-possum samples. Testing tank water samples revealed significant fecal contamination,
hence the recommendation is disinfecting tank water, especially for potable use, by
demonstrating the effectiveness of microbial source tracking markers in identifying fecal
contamination sources in rainwater tanks.
Liu et al. (2020) point out that utilizing CAD/CAE software tools for designing and
analyzing support structures can significantly reduce costs and time associated with
physical testing and prototyping. Erazo-Arteaga (2022) conducted a review of computer-
aided design, manufacturing, and engineering in Latin America, demonstrating its
application in various fields such as machine design, aerial vehicles, medicines, and human
prostheses. Despite advancements, effective utilization of these tools requires training, and
cost can pose a barrier for small and medium-sized enterprises as well as educational
institutions. However, in recent years, the emergence of open-source CAD software options
has expanded 3D modeling and rapid prototyping capabilities. These technological tools
have streamlined engineering design processes, providing approximate real-world
responses through computational numerical analysis.
Verma et al. (2024) conducted a design analysis of a 300-liter fuel tank for heavy vehicles.
Their methodology involved CAD model optimization, numerical analysis setup, and
experimental validation. Simulations unveiled stress distribution, deformation behavior,
and fluid dynamics, with experimental tests confirming numerical predictions, displaying
a general error of less than 5 %. Areas for design improvement were pinpointed, including
reinforcing stress-prone regions and optimizing fluid flow dynamics. Results indicated
stress concentrations in critical areas and deformation patterns under various loading
conditions, with stress levels ranging from 160 to 200 MPa. The significance of weld strength
was underscored, accompanied by improvement recommendations.
Arroba-Arroba et al. (2021) developed experimental processes and validated numerical
analyses for alternative material structures repairing aircraft flight surfaces. Their focus was
on evaluating polymer matrix composite materials for aircraft flight surface repairs. They
employed the vacuum bagging process to produce homogeneous composites and tested
reinforced specimens with different elements to determine their mechanical properties.
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 9
They found that experimental results closely aligned with those obtained through numerical
analysis, with an absolute error of less than 5 %. They highlighted the influence of the
manufacturing process on final results, emphasizing the importance of pressure control
during manufacturing. However, computational numerical analysis does not encompass
certain real parameters, such as moisture and flammability, necessitating validation of
results through experimental tests or literature information to enhance knowledge and
explore potential applications across industries, including aerospace, while considering
ecological aspects.
Gadekar & Patel (2022) conducted a study on the design of underground tanks using CAD
software. They considered a rectangular geometry suitable for storing liquids like water, oil,
or chemicals, ensuring compliance with established regulations. In configuring boundary
conditions and software settings, they accounted for lateral soil pressure and liquid
pressure. FEM was employed to analyze the tanks' behavior under varying values of the
soil's safe bearing capacity. The authors emphasized that previous literature predominantly
focuses on elevated tanks, neglecting the impact on underground tanks, and note that
software analyses lack detailed modeling or hydraulic loading considerations.
Razo-Carrasco & García-Domínguez (2020) assessed the structural integrity of buildings
through in-situ testing and computational numerical analysis. Their methodology enables
a comprehensive evaluation of the structural safety of reinforced concrete buildings,
whether existing or new, amidst uncertainties regarding their integrity. Conducting tests to
determine material mechanical properties is crucial due to varying environmental
conditions. However, numerical analysis proves to be an economical and justifiable
technique for assessing dynamic load behavior, allowing for the determination of properties
such as vibration periods and modes. They stress the importance of result consistency
through the comparison of experimental values with program-calculated base reactions.
This work aims to propose a design for the support structure of a rainwater storage tank
with a 500-liter capacity, which will be validated through structural analysis using
CAD/CAE software. The most important issue addressed is ensuring the structural integrity
and stability of the support structure for a rainwater storage tank, therefore, this would be
provided a secure and reliable support system for the rainwater storage tank. By proposing
a design and subjecting it to structural analysis using CAD/CAE software, the purpose is to
systematically evaluate the structural performance of the support structure under various
conditions such as load and potential stress points. As hypothesis, for the proposed design
for a support structure of a 500-liter rainwater storage tank will demonstrate sufficient
structural integrity and stability when validated through structural analysis using
CAD/CAE software, ensuring a secure and reliable support system under various load and
stress conditions.
2. Methodology
2.1. Fluids and mechanics of materials equations
This proposal utilized applied technological research aimed at generating knowledge
directly applicable to regions lacking access to potable water. The research adopted an
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 10
exploratory approach, revealing all process characteristics and executing a simplified
version in real-world scenarios. CAD/CAE software facilitated 3D modeling and
simulations for designing a support structure for a rainwater storage tank. The simulation
outcomes enable analysis of the system's behavior before implementing a rainwater
recycling system. To begin, determining the force exerted by water due to its weight is
crucial, leading to the application of the Bernoulli equation, commonly used to describe
fluid flow in closed systems. The tank's bottom served as the reference level and the
maximum volume was treated as a steady flow, aligning with Equation (1) as outlined by
Li et al. (2024):
(1)
Where p represents the gauge pressure, ρ stands for the density of water, V denotes the
velocity of water flow, g represents gravity, and h signifies the height from the reference
level. The principle of equilibrium dictates that an object remains stationary, meaning the
forces and moments acting upon it must balance to prevent any changes in motion (Portioli,
2020). Equations (2) and (3) depict the equilibrium conditions, stating that the sum of
moments (M) and the sum of forces (P) for static analysis must equal zero:
(2)
(3)
Chethan et al. (2019) define stress as the inherent resistance of all objects to counteract
applied forces, whether they involve axial tension or compression, torsion, or flexure. Stress
(σ) is related to the load that an element can endure within its cross-sectional area (A), as
depicted in equation (4):
(4)
Moreover, validating the design of a structure with the safety factor is crucial, as a higher
safety factor implies increased safety for the product or structure. A safety factor of one (1)
indicates that the structure or part will fail immediately upon reaching the design load and
won't withstand subsequent loads. In cases where the consequences of failure are severe,
such as death or personal injury, a higher safety factor is necessary; for metal structures, a
maximum value of 1.69 is recommended. As per Nazemosadat et al. (2022), the safety factor
(Fs) is determined by the ratio in equation (5) between the yield stress (σy) and the
analytically calculated stress:
(5)
The Von Mises stress is a measure of the distortion energy present in an object and can be
determined by considering the principal stresses of the stress tensor at a point within a
deformable solid, as illustrated in Figure 1. Shruti et al. (2021) computed this Von Mises
stress (σVM) using equation (6):
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 11
(6)
Figure 1: Stresses in a coordinate system (Shruti et al., 2021)
2.2. 3D Modeling
The design of the structure was based on the geometry and dimensions of a plastic
tank available in the market. Figure 2a illustrates the dimensions and arrangement of the
structural elements by using SolidWorks 2023 as CAD software. It's worth noting, as
suggested by MacDonald et al. (2023), the recommendation to use a square pipe of 50 mm
(2 in). Figure 2b depicts the three-dimensional modeling of the structure, highlighting the
tank in a different color, as it is an external element whose weight is factored into the
structural analysis.
Figure 2: Modeling a) dimensions, b) 3D structure.
2.3. Meshing
In Figure 3a, the generated mesh for the structure is depicted, applying tetrahedral
elements as the primary elements by using Static Structural module in ANSYS 2023 R2 as
CAE software. These elements are highly flexible and can be used to mesh complex
geometries with irregular shapes. Tetrahedral elements can adapt well to intricate designs,
making them suitable for a wide range of applications in engineering and design. Mesh
validation was performed through convergence analysis, illustrated in Figure 3b. To achieve
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 12
excellent physical discretization and results closer to reality, Simbaña et al. (2024)
recommend a skewness metric of less than 0.25. Despite employing various mesh generation
optimization techniques, the minimum skewness value attained was 0.2395, resulting in 478
723 elements with 718 085 nodes, necessitating substantial computational resources for
simulation. Consequently, the previous point, where an average skewness of 0.2401 was
achieved, was analyzed, leading to a reduction in elements by approximately 14 %.
Consequently, the mesh of the 3D model utilized in the study comprised 414 651 elements
and 601 334 nodes.
Figure 3: Meshing, a) generated in the structure b) convergence
3. Results
Fixed supports were defined at the points of contact between the structure and the
ground, and all contact elements were set with welded conditions. A distributed load of 5.4
kN, generated by the weight of the water and the tank, was applied across the shared area
between the storage tank and the structure. Figure 4 illustrates the results of the Von Mises
stress analysis in the tank support structure, revealing a maximum value of
189.5 MPa. It is noteworthy that the structural steel has a yield strength limit of 210 MPa
and a maximum tensile stress above 400 MPa. Consequently, while the structural elements
are subjected to significant stress, they do not undergo permanent deformations as this
value remains below the yield limit. The Von Mises stress primarily concentrates on the
areas of contact between the tank and the structure, posing no issues in the design and
selection of sections for the structural components. It is important to note that the
computer's technical specifications were not fully utilized, despite its significant
capabilities. The computer has a 12-core processor, but only 4 cores were configured for the
simulations, which took approximately 30 minutes.
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 13
Figure 4: Von Mises stress in the structure
Figure 5 illustrates the simulation of the deformation caused in the tank structure by the
weight of a 500-liter volume of water. The force resulting from this volume was calculated
as 5.4 kN, and with the modulus of elasticity of 210 GPa for structural steel, it led to a
maximum deformation of 1.41 mm. This displacement is considered as deflection at the
front edge of the upper surface of the structure. However, upon examination of the color
scale, it is noted that the vertical supports serving as structural elements do not exceed 0.83
mm.
Figure 5: Analysis of deformations in the structure
Figure 6 illustrates the safety factor in the simulation of the structure under the established
conditions. This factor indicates the structure's capacity to withstand loads without failing,
meaning without experiencing permanent deformation or rupture, by comparing it to the
expected loads it is designed to bear. It's noteworthy that a square pipe of 50 mm (2 in) made
of structural steel was utilized. The minimum value obtained for the safety factor was 1.746,
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 14
signifying that the structure's load-carrying capacity is approximately 1.75 times greater
than the applied load.
Figure 6: Safety factor in the structure
4. Discussion
Verma et al. (2024) conducted a study focusing on designing a structure for a tank,
with stress levels anticipated to range between 160 to 200 MPa. Recognizing the criticality
of ensuring structural integrity in such designs, a comprehensive literature review was
undertaken to validate the obtained stress values. This meticulous validation process
yielded a maximum stress projection of 289.5 MPa, which notably falls within the
established range observed in other relevant studies. This alignment with existing literature
not only corroborates the accuracy of the stress estimations but also underscores the
credibility and reliability of the proposed design. Moreover, drawing from the insights
provided by Nazemosadat et al. (2022), it was established that the recommended safety
factor for support structures should ideally be 1.69, offering a reasonable margin of safety
while allowing for flexibility to adjust based on varying risk exposures. For the proposed
design, the minimum safety factor calculated was determined to be 1.746, with an absolute
error of merely 3.3% when compared to the recommended values derived from the
literature review. This negligible deviation from the established safety factor further
validates the robustness and adequacy of the proposed design in meeting safety
requirements. By meticulously cross-referencing obtained stress values with existing
literature and ensuring adherence to recommended safety factors, the study exemplifies a
diligent approach to structural design. The findings not only lend credibility to the proposed
design but also reinforce the importance of rigorous validation processes in ensuring the
reliability and safety of engineering structures.
Despite the advancements in CAD/CAE software, which have remarkably enhanced their
ability to simulate real-world phenomena with increased accuracy, many research
endeavors still integrate experimental components to complement computational analyses.
This combined approach offers a more comprehensive understanding of complex
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 15
mechanical behaviors and structural responses. For instance, Bai et al. (2020) conducted a
study delving into the mechanical properties of structural components subjected to various
stress conditions. By conducting experiments, they were able to directly observe and
measure physical responses, providing valuable empirical data to validate and enhance
computational models. Furthermore, as underscored by Arroba-Arroba et al. (2021), a
notable convergence exists between experimental results and those derived from
simulations, with disparities typically falling below an absolute error threshold of 5%. This
close alignment highlights the efficacy of computational simulations in capturing and
predicting real-world behaviors, albeit with a margin of error that is deemed acceptable in
engineering practice.
However, it's imperative to recognize that computational numerical analysis is not without
limitations. To ensure the validity and reliability of simulation results, it is crucial to adhere
to a systematic methodology encompassing well-defined experimental conditions,
meticulous calibration of simulation parameters, and the utilization of appropriate
simulation techniques. By rigorously defining these factors, researchers can minimize
uncertainties and errors inherent in computational modeling, thereby enhancing the
credibility of their findings. In essence, the integration of experimental validation alongside
computational simulations represents a pragmatic approach to engineering research. By
leveraging the strengths of both approaches and mitigating their respective limitations,
researchers can achieve a more robust and holistic understanding of structural behaviors,
thereby contributing to the advancement of engineering knowledge and practice.
The analysis confirmed that the support structure could withstand the weight of a filled
tank, calculated to be 5.4 kN. The structure, composed of a square-section structural steel
pipe with a 50 mm diameter, exhibited a Von Mises stress of 189.5 MPa, well below the yield
limit for structural steel. The maximum deformation observed was 1.41 mm, with most
structural elements remaining below 0.83 mm. The safety factor was determined to be 1.746,
exceeding the recommended value by 3.3%. These results validate that the design, with its
specified dimensions, selected material, and 500-liter capacity, provides a secure and
reliable support system for the rainwater storage tank, confirming the original hypothesis.
5. Conclusions
A prototype support structure for a rainwater storage tank underwent computational
numerical analysis. The practice of collecting, storing, and utilizing a renewable resource
like rainwater in everyday activities is crucial for reducing the consumption of potable
water, underscoring the need for a well-designed collection system. A structure is needed
to withstand the weight of the tank when filled with water, therefore, performing
computational numerical analysis contributed ensure that the support structure is designed
to resist various loads, including the weight of the tank and the rainwater volume. This
analysis provided assurance regarding the structural integrity and safety of the support
system CAD/CAE software facilitated 3D modeling of the structure and subsequent
physical discretization, resulting in a mesh comprising 414 651 elements and 601 334 nodes
of exceptional quality, with a skewness metric of 0.2401. The design accounted for a
maximum water volume of 500 liters, resulting in a weight of 5.4 kN. A square-section
Novasinergia 2025, 8(1), 06-18 16
structural steel pipe, 50 mm (2 in) in diameter, was chosen. Structural analysis through
simulations revealed a Von Mises stress of 189.5 MPa, below the yield limit for structural
steel. The maximum deformation was 1.41 mm, with structural elements remaining below
0.83 mm. The safety factor obtained was 1.746, surpassing the recommended value for
support structures by 3.3 %. Thus, it is confirmed that the design, with its specified
dimensions, selected material, and a capacity of 500 liters of water, is suitable for supporting
the rainwater storage tank.
Authors' contributions
In accordance with the internationally established taxonomy for the assignment of
credits to authors of scientific articles (https://casrai.org/credit/). Authors declare their
contributions in the following matrix:
Simbaña, I.
Vaca, X.
Andrade, C.
Sevillano, W.
Conceptualization
Formal analysis
Research
Methodology
Resources
Validation
Writing - revision and editing
Interest conflict
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest of any nature with the
present research and the mentioned education institutions.
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