Environmental concern and the relationship with nature, an interactive process in adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37135/ns.01.12.02Keywords:
Adolescents, environmental behavior, gender, environmental concern, relationship with natureAbstract
Today's society faces a daily loss of biodiversity, which will increase in the face of climate change and environmental pollution. It is a severe problem in the so-called biodiversity hotspots, such as urban and rural areas of cities where human behavior towards nature is still differentiable, playing a crucial role in environmentalism and biodiversity conservation. The underlying predictive factor structure and related variables were identified according to adolescents' opinions in Cañar, Ecuador. A descriptive field study and a survey developed by Schultz (2001), based on the Environmental Concerns, Relationship with Nature and Portrait Values Scale, was applied to 1086 high school students in the urban area and 226 students in the rural area. In both samples, the self-transcendence values group and time spent in contact with nature are positive environmental concern predictors.
Downloads
References
Acosta, A. (2015). Buen Vivir: Vom Recht auf ein gutes Leben [Buen Vivir: El derecho a una buena vida]. Múnich: Oekom.
Asociación Americana de Psicología (2016). Revisión de la norma ética 3.04 de los “principios éticos de los psicólogos y código de conducta” (2002, reformado 2010). Soy. psicol. 71:900. doi: 10.1037/amp0000102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28032786/
American Psychological Association. (2016). Revision of Ethical Standard 3.04 of the" Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct"(2002, as amended 2010). The American Psychologist, 71(9), 900. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28032786/
Baron-Cohen, S. y Wheelwright, S. (2004). El cociente de empatía: una investigación de adultos con síndrome de asperger o autismo de alto funcionamiento y diferencias sexuales normales. J. Autismo, desarrollo Desorden. 34, 163–175. doi: 10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
Beutel, AM y Marini, MM (1995). Género y valores. Soy. Sociol. Rev. 60, 436–448. doi: 10.2307/2096423. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2096423?origin=crossref
Brämer, R., Koll, H. y Schild, H.-J. (2016). 7. Jugendreport Natur 2016: ¿Natur Nebensache? [7º Informe Juventud Naturaleza 2016: ¿La naturaleza es un asunto menor?]. http://www.wanderforschung.de/files/jugendreport2016-web-final-160914-v3_1609212106.pdf
Brügger, A., Kaiser, FG y Roczen, N. (2011). ¿Uno para todos?: conexión con la naturaleza, inclusión de la naturaleza, identidad ambiental y asociación implícita con la naturaleza. EUR. psicol. 16, 324–333. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000032. https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000032
Brügger, A., & Otto, S. (2017). Naturbewusstsein psychologisch: Was ist Naturbewusstsein, wie misst man es und wie wirkt es auf Umweltschutzverhalten?. Gesellschaftliche Naturkonzeptionen: Ansätze verschiedener Wissenschaftsdisziplinen, 215-237. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-15733-3_11
Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P. & Naeem, S. (2012). Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486(7401), 59-67. doi: 10.1038/naturaleza11148. Recuperado de https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11148 .
Cely, N. (2014). Balancing profit and environmental sustainability in Ecuador: Lessons learned from the Chevron case. Duke Envtl. L. & Pol'y F., 24, 353. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/delp24&div=11&id=&page=
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., ... & Van Den Belt, M. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387 (6630), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0. Recuperado de https://www.nature.com/articles/387253a0.
Davidson, D. J., & Freudenburg, W. R. (1996). Gender and environmental risk concerns: A review and analysis of available research. Environment and behavior, 28(3), 302-339. doi: 10.1177/0013916596283003. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916596283003?journalCode=eaba
DECE (2010) El Departamento de Consejería Estudiantil. https://educacion.gob.ec/que-son-los-dece/
Fechner, J. (2002). Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Bonn, Germany. Measures to Prevent, Intercept and Respond to Illicit Uses of Nuclear Material and Radioactive Sources, 160. Recuperado de https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20288245#page=172.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. sage. 5.ª ed. Londres: Sabio. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Discovering+Statistics+Using+IBM+SPSS&author=Field+A.&publication_year=2017
Fischer, R. (2004). Standardization to account for cross-cultural response bias: A classification of score adjustment procedures and review of research in JCCP. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(3), 263-282. doi: 10.1177/0022022104264122. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022022104264122?journalCode=jcca
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO] (2016). State of the world's forests 2016: Forests and agriculture: land use challenges and opportunities. Recuperado de http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5588e.pdf.
García Castro, L. (2014). Adaptación de la escala Presor (the Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility) en un grupo de ejecutivos peruanos.Tesis de licenciatura, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/337380
Gilligan, C. (1993). Con una voz diferente: la teoría psicológica y el desarrollo de la mujer. Harvard University Press. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In+a+Different+Voice%2E&author=Gilligan+C.&publication_year=1982
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis, Academic Press. New York, NY.[Google Scholar]. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Statistical+Methods+for+Meta-Analysis%2E&author=Hedges+L.&author=and+Olkin+I.&publication_year=1985
Hernández Sampieri, R, Fernández, C & Baptista, P. (2010). Metodología de la Investigación. (Quinta Edición). México D.F, México: McGraw-Hill.
Hoffman, M. L. (2008). Empathy and prosocial behavior. Handbook of emotions, 3, 440-455. https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=uIQQskejGwUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA440&dq=Hoffman,+M.+L.+(2008).+%22Empathy+and+Prosocial+Behavior,%22+in+Handboo&ots=3QYoSRkguc&sig=SMuaU7yPAlrviV5FBbNaTx0Ga7Y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values (Vol. 5). sage. Beverly Hills, CA: Sabio. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Culture%27s+Consequences%3A+International+Differences+in+Work-Related+Values%2E&author=Hofstede+G.&publication_year=1980
Inglehart, R. (1995). Public support for environmental protection: Objective problems and subjective values in 43 societies. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(1), 57-72. doi: 10.1017/S1049096500056080. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/abs/public-support-for-environmental-protection-objective-problems-and-subjective-values-in-43-societies/A051E18F5DE47D79A3B8C79AC037223B
Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza [UICN] (2017a). Resumen de categorías de la Lista Roja Totales por zona estudiada (Animales). Recuperado de http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/summarystats/2017-3_Summary_Stats_Page_Documents/2017_3_RL_Stats_Table_6a.pdf
Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza [UICN] (2017b). Resumen de categorías de la Lista Roja Totales por zona estudiada (plantas). Recuperado de http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/summarystats/2017-3_Summary_Stats_Page_Documents/2017_3_RL_Stats_Table_6b.pdf
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of adolescence, 29(4), 589-611. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescencia.2005.08.010 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140197105001090
Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Afinidad emocional hacia la naturaleza como base motivacional para proteger la naturaleza. Ambiente y comportamiento, 31(2), 178-202. doi: 10.1177/00139169921972056. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00139169921972056?journalCode=eaba
Kellert, SR y Wilson, EO (1993). La hipótesis de la biofilia. Washington, DC: Prensa de la isla. https://books.google.com.ec/books?hl=es&lr=&id=GAO8BwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP6&ots=pmufLGJ_q3&sig=1EFPwkCGYOSwBp-yU81a1bS34lE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Kleinhückelkotten, S. I. L. K. E., Neitzke, H. P., Küchler - Krischun, J., Schell y Mues, A. (2010). Naturbewusstsein 2009. Abschlussbericht. ECOLOG-Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung, Berlin/Bonn. www.bmu.de
Krauss, C. (2014). Gran victoria de Chevron sobre reclamos en la zona rural. Los New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com
Lalander, R. (2016). The Ecuadorian resource dilemma: Sumak Kawsay or development? Critical Sociology, 42(4-5), 623-642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920514557959. Recuperado de https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0896920514557959?journalCode=crsb.
Lambert, C. (2017). Destrucción ambiental en Ecuador: ¿crímenes de lesa humanidad bajo el estatuto de roma? Diario de Leiden de derecho internacional, 30(3), 707-729. doi: 10.1017/S0922156517000267. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/environmental-destruction-in-ecuador-crimes-against-humanity-under-the-rome-statute/6E66974F0353CA11AF126B6CC3765E45
López-Cevallos, D. F., & Chi, C. (2010). Utilización de la atención médica en Ecuador: un análisis multinivel de los determinantes socioeconómicos y los problemas de desigualdad. Política y planificación de la salud, 25(3), 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czp052. Recuperado de https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/25/3/209/599750?login=false.
Louv, R. (2008). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Algonquin books. Chapel Hill, Carolina del Norte: Libros Algonquin. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Last+Child+in+the+Woods%3A+Saving+our+Children+from+Nature-Deficit+Disorder%2E&author=Louv+R.&publication_year=2008
MacKerron, G., & Mourato, S. (2013). Happiness is greater in natural environments. Global environmental change, 23(5), 992-1000. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.010. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378013000575
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation. Personality N ew York: Harper & Row Publishers Inc. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Motivation+and+Personality%2E&author=Maslow+A.+H.&publication_year=1954
Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals' feeling in community with nature. Journal of environmental psychology, 24(4), 503-515. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494404000696
Mayer, F. S., Frantz, C. M., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Dolliver, K. (2009). Why is nature beneficial? The role of connectedness to nature. Environment and behavior, 41(5), 607-643. doi: 10.1177/0013916508319745. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916508319745?journalCode=eaba
Menzel, S., & Bögeholz, S. (2010). Valores, creencias y normas que fomentan el compromiso de los alumnos chilenos y alemanes con la protección de la biodiversidad. https://publications.goettingen-research-online.de/handle/2/61306
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: wetlands and water. World Resources Institute. Recuperado de http://biblioteca.cehum.org/bitstream/123456789/143/1/Millennium%20Ecosystem%20Assessment.%20ECOSYSTEMS%20AND%20HUMAN%20WELL-BEING%20WETLANDS%20AND%20WATER%20Synthesi.pdf
Ministerio del Ambiente (2015). Quinto Informe Nacional para El Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Quito, la zona rural. Recuperado de https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/ec/ec-nr-05-es.pdf.
Ministerio del Ambiente (2016). Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad 2015-2030. Disponible en: Quito- la zona rural. Recuperado de https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/ec/ec-nbsap-v2-p01-es.pdf.
Mittermeier, R, Turner, W, Larsen, F, Brooks, T. M., & Gascon, C. (2011). Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots. Biodiversity hotspots: distribution and protection of conservation priority areas, 3 - 22. Recuperado de https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772), 853-858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501. https://www.nature.com/articles/35002501.
Nisbet, E. K., & Zelenski, J. M. (2013). The NR-6: A new brief measure of nature relatedness. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 813. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00813. Recuperado de https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00813/full.
Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: Linking individuals' connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and behavior, 41(5), 715-740. doi: 10.1177/0013916508318748. Recuperado de https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916508318748?journalCode=eaba.
Nisbet, E, Zelenski, J. M, & Murphy, S. (2011) Happiness is in our nature: Exploring nature relatedness as a contributor to subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 303. doi: 10.1007/s10902-010-9197-7. Recuperado de https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-010-9197-7.
OCDE (2016). Resultados PISA 2015 (Volumen I): Excelencia y Equidad en la Educación. París: Publicaciones de la OCDE. Recuperado de https://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=3204&lang=es.
Otto, S., & Pensini, P. (2017). Nature based environmental education of children. Environmental knowledge and connectedness to nature together are related to ecological behaviour Global Environmental Change, 47, 88-94. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.009. Recuperado de https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378016305787.
Panayotou, T. (2003). Economic growth and the environment. Economic survey of Europe, 45-72. Nueva York, 140– 148. Recuperado de https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9781479862689.003.0018/pdf.
Raymond, C. M., Brown, G., & Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment. Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(4), 422-434. doi: 10.1016/ j.jenvp.2010.08.002. Recuperado de https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494410000794.
Reuters. (2017). Victoria para Chevron en Caso de Contaminación en la zona rural, Concede la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos. El universo. Recuperado de https://www.eluniverso.com.
Rieckmann, M., Adomßent, M., Härdtle, W y Aguirre, P. (2011). Desarrollo sostenible y conservación de hotspots de biodiversidad en América Latina: el caso de Ecuador. Hotspots de biodiversidad: distribución y protección de áreas prioritarias para la conservación, 435-452. Recuperado de https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_22.
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E. F., ... & Foley, J. A. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. nature, 461(7263), 472-475. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a. Recuperado de https://www.nature.com/articles/461472a.
Schmidt, P., Davidov, E, Bamberg, S., Herrmann, J. & Schwartz, S. (2007). Die Messung von Werten mit dem “Portraits Value Questionnaire”. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 38(4), 261-275. doi: 10.1024/ 0044-3514.38.4.261. https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/abs/10.1024/0044-3514.38.4.261.
Schultz, P. W. (2001). The structure of environmental concern: Concern for self, other people, and the biosphere. Journal of environmental psychology, 21(4), 327-339 doi: 10.1006/ jevp.2001.0227. Recuperado de https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494401902270.
Schultz, P. W. (2002). Inclusion with nature: The psychology of human-nature relations. Psychology of sustainable development, 61-78. Recuperado de https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0995-0_4.
Schultz, P. W., Gouveia, V. V., Cameron, L. D., Tankha, G., Schmuck, P., & Franěk, M. (2005). Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation behavior. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 36(4), 457-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275962. Recuperado de https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022022105275962?journalCode=jcca.
Schultz, P. W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J. J., & Khazian, A. M. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of environmental psychology, 24(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00022-7. Recuperado de https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494403000227.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). Academic Press. Recuperado de https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065260108602816.
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of social issues, 50(4), 19-45. doi: 10.1111/ j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x. Recuperado de https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x.
Schwartz, S. H. (2009). Draft users' manual: proper use of the Schwarz value survey, version 14 January 2009, compiled by Romie F. Littrell. Auckland, New Zealand: Centre for Cross-Cultural Comparisons. Manuscript. Available at: http://crossculturalcentre. homestead. com/(Accessed July, 16, 2013. https://scholar.google.es/scholar?hl=es&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Schwartz%2C+S.H.+%282009%29.+Draft+User%27s+Manual%3A+Proper+Use+of+the+Schwartz+Value+Survey%2C+Version+January+14%2C+2009%2C+edited+by+Romie+F.+Littrell.+Auckland%3A+Center+for+Intercultural+Comparisons.&btnG=
Schwartz, S. H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identificar aspectos específicos de la cultura en el contenido y la estructura de los valores. Revista de psicología intercultural, 26(1), 92-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022195261007. Recuperado de https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022022195261007?journalCode=jcca.
Schwartz, S. H, Antonovsky, A., Verkasalo, M., y Sagiv, L (1997) Prioridades de valor y deseabilidad social: Mucha sustancia, algo de estilo. revista británica de psicología social, 36(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1997.tb01115.x. Recuperado de https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1997.tb01115.x.
Smith, P. B. (2004). El sesgo de respuesta aquiescente como un aspecto del estilo de comunicación cultural. Revista de psicología intercultural, 35(1), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103260380. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022022103260380?journalCode=jcca.
Soga, M., & Gaston, K. J. (2016). Extinction of experience: the loss of human–nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14(2), 94-101. doi: 10.1002/ tarifa.1225. Recuperado de https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1225.
Sothmann, J. N., & Menzel, S. (2016). Wohlbefinden von Jugendlichen-die Bedeutung von Alter, Naturverbundenheit, Natürlichkeit und Ästhetik von Natur [Well-being of young people-the importance of age, nature connection, naturalness and esthetics of nature]. Umweltpsychologie, 20, 36-58.
Sothmann, J. N., & Menzel, S. (2017). A scale for differentiating affective and cognitive nature connection dimensions, externally validated in terms of self-transcendence and environmental concern. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education. Recuperado de http://www.ijese.net/makale/1946.html.
Soga, M., & Gaston, K. J. (2016). Extinction of experience: the loss of human–nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14(2), 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1225. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1225.
Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... & Sörlin, S. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855. Recuperado de https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1259855.
Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of social issues, 50(3), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02420.x. https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02420.x.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human ecology review, 81-97. Recuperado de https://www.jstor.org/stable/24707060.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (1993). Value orientations, gender, and environmental concern. Environment and behavior, 25(5), 322-348 doi: 10.1177/ 00 13916593255002. Recuperado de https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916593255002?journalCode=eaba.
Tam, K. P. (2013). Dispositional empathy with nature. Journal of environmental psychology, 35, 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.05.004. Recuperado de https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494413000273.
Thompson, M., Ellis, R., & Wildavsky, A. (1990). Cultural Theory. Boulder, Colo. Westview Press. Recuperado de https://n9.cl/20j3v.
Vanhulst, J., & Beling, A. E. (2014). Buen vivir: Emergent discourse within or beyond sustainable development?. Ecological Economics, 101, 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.02.017. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800914000640.
Von Braun, J. (2017). Children as agents of change for sustainable development. Children and sustainable development: Ecological education in a globalized world, 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47130-3_2. Recuperado de https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-47130-3_2.
Wilson, E. O. (2017). Biophilia and the conservation ethic. In Evolutionary perspectives on environmental problems (pp. 250-258). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203792650-18/biophilia-conservation-ethic-edward-wilson
World Bank national accounts data and OCDE national accounts data (2018). GDP per capita https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2017&locations=EC-DE&start=1971&view=chart.
Wray-Lake, L., Flanagan, C. A., & Osgood, D. W. (2010). Examining trends in adolescent environmental attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors across three decades. Environment and behavior, 42(1), 61-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916509335163. Recuperado de https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916509335163?journalCode=eaba.
Zelezny, L. C., Chua, P. P., & Aldrich, C. (2000). New ways of thinking about environmentalism: Elaborating on gender differences in environmentalism. Journal of Social issues, 56(3), 443-457. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00177. Recuperado de https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/0022-4537.00177.
